REVIEW SHEET
FOR BIOLOGY 1107
Chapter
1
List
and explain characteristics of living organisms.
List
hierarchical classification of living organisms.
Define
and explain evolution.
Chapter
2.
Define
the following: matter, element,
atom, atomic number, molecule
Review
Lewis dot diagrams of atoms and molecules.
Know
the structure of an atom – nucleus, protons, electrons, neutrons, and their
locations in the atom.
Distinguish
between ionic and covalent bonding, between polar and nonpolar bonding, and give
examples of each.
Describe
hydrogen bonding.
What
are some of the characteristics of water that result from hydrogen bonding and
make water important to living organisms.
Explain
pH.
Chapter
3
Define
the following: isomers, condensation reaction, hydrolysis reactions
Describe
the following classes of organic molecules: carbohydrate, protein, lipid,
nucleic acid
Draw
the structure of each of the following: amino
acids, lipid (triglyceride), nucleotide, monosaccharide
Chapter
4
Explain
the cell theory
What
is a cell ? Distinguish between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Name
each organelle studied and give its function.
Chapter
5
Diagram
a cellular membrane – identify all components.
What
are the functions of the various proteins in the membrane.
Define
the following: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, hypertonic, isotonic,
hypotonic, facilitated diffusion. Include
in your definition any energy requirements
Describe
the following: endocytosis,
exocytosis, desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions.
Chapter
6
State
the first two laws of thermodynamics.
Define
the following: anabolic, catabolic,
exergonic, endergonic
What
is an enzyme ? How does it function
? What affects the rate rof an
enzymatic reaction ?
Distinguish
between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
Chapter
7
Write
the general formula for aerobic (cellular) respiration
What
are the four steps in this series of reactions ?
What happens in each part ?
Write
the formula for each of these steps.
Compare
aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
How
many ATPs are generated in aerobic respiration ?
Chapter
8
Write
the general formula for photosynthesis?
What
are the two sets reactions for photosynthesis?
What happens in each?
Write
the formula for each of these steps.
How
are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related ?
Where
do the light-dependent reactions occur ? the
light-independent reactions?
Chapter
9
Define
the following: chromosome,
chromatin, haploid, diploid, karyotype
Explain
the following in detail: mitosis,
meiosis
What
are the differences between mitosis and meiosis ?
Chapter 10
Define the following: allele, gene, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant,
recessive, genotype, phenotype, locus, variation, filial generation, monohybrid,
dihybrid, crossing over, sex-linkage, incomplete dominance, co-dominance,
multiple alleles, pleitrophy, autosome, sex chromosome, somatic cell, gamete
Explain Mendel’s monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; give the phenotypic
ratio of each cross.
Explain Mendel’s theories of segregation and independent assortment.
Work problems with simple dominant/recessive inheritance, sex-linkage,
incomplete dominance, co-dominance.
Be able to recognize patterns of inheritance: autosomal dominant,
autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive.
Explain
the experiments of Griffith and those of Hershey and Chase.
Explain
the structure of DNA and of RNA.
What
is a nucleotide ? How do the
nucleotides of RNA and DNA differ ?
Define the following: antiparallel,
double helix, Okazaki fragments, replication fork, leading strand, lagging
strand
In
what direction does replication occur ?
Explain
the process of DNA replication.
Explain
the following processes: transcription,
translation, RNA processing
Explain in some detail the process of protein synthesis.
What is the significance of the process of protein synthesis ?
Define
the following: triplet code, codon,
redundant code, introns, exons, promoter, mutation, base-substitution, missense,
nonsense, frame shift mutation
How
are the nucleotide sequences in DNA related to the sequence of amino acids in
proteins?
Distinguish
between positive and negative regulation. Give
examples of each.
Explain
completely regulation in the lac operon and in the trp operon.
Define
the following: operon, promoter,
operator, constitutive genes
What
is the basis for PCR ?
Explain the significance and procedures involved in the following: cloning, DNA sequencing, PCR, restriction enzyme analysis, electrophoresis,
Define each of the following terms: restriction enzymes, RFLPs,. electrophoresis, palindromes, recombinant DNA, reverse transcriptase, cDNA, sticky ends
Chapter 15
Explain
the significance of aneuploidies to humans.
What
are some examples of aneuploidies in humans.
What
are some inherited disorders in humans and what is their mode of inheritance ?
Chapter 17
Name
the scientists who influenced the theory of evolution.
Define
evolution.
List several supports for the theory of evolution – and explain how each supports the theory.
Describe
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Define each of the following: homologous structures, analogous structures, synthetic theory of evolution, adaptation,